In part eight of the Book of Exodus, we’ll look at Exodus 12:1–30 and the Passover as we unpack one of the most beautiful and clearest parallels to the gospel of Jesus found in the Old Testament.

TALK IT OUT

Below, you’ll find some key discussion points to consider, questions to personally reflect on and/or discuss in your small group, with your family, or in your circle of friends, and some action points for the week. 

Memory Verse of the Week: 1 Corinthians 11:23–25 (NIV)

“The Lord Jesus, on the night he was betrayed, took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and said, ‘This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me.’ In the same way, after supper he took the cup, saying, ‘This cup is the new covenant in my blood; do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me.’”

What Is the Passover?

READ: Exodus 12:1–30

The Passover celebration was arguably the most significant season of the year for the Jewish people in Jesus’ day—and today as well. This retelling of the story of Israel’s exodus from Egypt was truly the unfolding of a divine drama written, produced, and directed by God Himself.

You see, the Passover is the celebration and remembrance of God’s deliverance for the Jewish people from their oppression in Egypt. Before this, the sons and daughters of Israel had been in cruel bondage and slavery for 400 years. But God had not forgotten His great promise to Abraham (Genesis 12:2). And when the time came, God sent Moses to free His people from Pharaoh. But Pharaoh would not “let the people go,” so God sent the plagues—gnats, boils, frogs, and more.

Finally, the tenth plague came—the death of the firstborn in every household. However, the Lord spared death and gave life to His followers who sacrificed a spotless lamb and applied the blood over their doors (Exodus 11–12). When the angel of death saw the blood, he passed over that house. It was after this plague that Pharaoh let the Israelites go.

Interestingly, a word used for the Passover feast is miqra, which means a rehearsal. The other word is mo’ed, which means an appointed time; a fixed time; an exact time. What an amazing picture! Passover was a rehearsal for the future to be celebrated every year—over and over—until, at the exact appointed time, the true fulfillment would come.

After 1,500 years of Passover celebrations, with the symbols of unleavened bread, wine, and a slain, unblemished lamb . . . the hour had come (John 12:23, 17:1). No more rehearsals for the Passover as it had become reality! The night known as the last supper saw Jesus and His disciples celebrate the “last” Passover feast, because in that upper room, Jesus took the wine, which represented the blood of the Passover lamb and said, “This is My blood” (Matthew 26:28 NKJV). He broke the unleavened bread, a symbol of sinlessness, and said, “This is My body” (Luke 22:19 NKJV). The very next day, upon a cross that was reserved for a criminal, Jesus became the Passover Lamb.

Discussion Question 1: What rules or customs does your family have at mealtime? 

Discussion Question 2: Why is communion such an important practice for Christians? What weight should celebrations, festivals, holidays, and traditions carry in the lives of believers each and every time they come around? 

The Passover Elements

THE LAMB SHANK

As recounted in Exodus 12:1–13, to save the Israelites from the plague of the firstborn, God instructed them to smear their doorposts with the blood of a spotless lamb so the Lord would “pass over” their homes. The shank bone of the lamb is a symbol of God’s salvation and deliverance from Egypt. It’s also a picture of Jesus, the “Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world” (John 1:29 NKJV). His sacrifice passes us over from death to life; it delivers us from the jaws of sin and death into the true Promised Land—heaven. As laid out in the original instructions for the Passover, the lamb’s bones could not be broken (Exodus 12:46), which is another nod to the crucifixion of Jesus (Psalm 34:20; John 19:33–36).

THE MATZOH

The unleavened bread is another element with a clear nod to Christ. As the Israelites left Egypt, they were in a hurry; therefore, they had no time to wait for their bread to rise. In remembrance of this, the Passover was followed by the weeklong celebration known as the Feast of Unleavened Bread (Deuteronomy 16:3).

During the seder, the matzoh is placed in a bag called an echad, which means “one” . . . and this particular bag has three chambers. One piece of matzoh is placed into each. The piece placed in the first chamber is never touched, used, or seen. The second one is broken in half at the beginning of the Seder—half of the broken matzoh is placed back in the bag, and the other half, called the Afikomen, is placed in a linen cloth. The third piece in the bag is used to eat the elements on the Seder plate.

Interestingly, the word echad is used in Genesis 2:24, describing how husband and wife become one flesh. It’s also used in Numbers 13:23 when the spies returned from Canaan with a cluster of grapes. In both cases, echad refers to a complex unity of one. This is a powerful reference to the triune Godhead. The first matzoh that remains in the bag throughout the Seder represents God the Father, the unseen, invisible God (Colossians 1:15), while the third represents the Holy Spirit, of Whom we partake—the One who dwells within us. The second matzoh, the broken one, represents Jesus, the Son. As Jesus explained, the broken matzoh is a picture of His broken body (Luke 22:19). The half that is put back in the echad represents the divine nature of Christ while the half wrapped in a linen cloth—the one that is separated from the echad—represents His humanity.

The linen cloth symbolizes the burial cloth in which He was wrapped. During the Seder, this linen cloth with the matzoh inside is hidden. After the dinner, the children look for it. Once it is found, it’s actually held as a ransom. Wow! Christ, fully God, fully man, was broken for us. And He was buried (hidden), sought for, and resurrected. As the bread of life, His life was given as a ransom for many (Mark 10:45).

THE VEGETABLE (KARPAS)

This element—usually parsley—is dipped in salt water and eaten. The karpas symbolizes the hyssop branch that was used to spread the blood of the lamb on the homes of the Israelites in Egypt. This is so amazing: In John 19:29, the hyssop was used to give Christ, our Passover Lamb, vinegar on the cross. The salt water it was dipped in represents the tears shed during the bitter years of slavery and the sea that God parted during the exodus.

THE BITTER HERBS (MAROR)

The eating of “bitter herbs” comes from Exodus 12:8. It’s meant to remind the Jews of the bitterness of slavery. And while most of us may not be able to relate to being subjected to physical slavery, we can all relate to the subjugation of spiritual bondage to sin.

THE CHAROSET (HAROSETH)

Charoset is a mixture of apples, nuts, wine, and spices, which represents the mortar used by the Israelites to build Egyptian structures during their bondage. Interestingly, this is the only sweet element in the entire Seder and is intended as a reminder of the hope of redemption . . . a hope that is fulfilled completely and only in Jesus Christ.

THE EGG (BAYTZAH)

Traditionally, the hard-boiled egg symbolized sacrifice made in the days of the temple. Since the destruction of the temple, it’s become symbolic of the loss of the two temples, and hence is consumed as a food of mourning. For the believer, we can view the egg as the sacrifice laid down at the altar of eternity.

THE FOUR CUPS

The first is known as the cup of sanctification, the second is the cup of judgment, the third is the cup of redemption, and the fourth is the cup of praise. At the Last Supper, Jesus took the first cup and promised His disciples that the next time He drank the fruit of the vine with them would be in the kingdom (Luke 22:17). Later in the Seder, Christ used the cup of redemption to illustrate the new covenant in His blood (Luke 22:20), the blood that would be spilled for our redemption! 

Discussion Question 3: Communion is a way we reflect upon and remember what the Lord Jesus Christ, our Passover Lamb, our exodus from the land of sin and death, did to bring us into a new life of freedom in His eternal kingdom. How does this change the way you understand both the exodus and communion? How does it help you better understand God’s love for you in Christ?

This Week

Reflect on what has made the most impact on your thinking and living from our study of Exodus so far.

A LOOK AHEAD

In our next study, we’ll look at Exodus 12:31–13:22 and the exodus. Journey from Egypt to the Red Sea and be part of this epic miracle as we explore the power and mercy of God who sets us free and fulfills His promises!